Considering Fraud Vulnerability Associated with Credence-Based Products Such as Organic Food

Organic foods carry a premium price. They are credence-based foods, i.e., it is difficult for consumers to evaluate the aspects of organic food under normal use. In global supply chains, purchased on institutional trust (certification, logos, standards) rather than relational trust. Relying makes vulnerable criminals who intentionally label conventional product as or develop sophisticated organized crime networks defraud businesses and consumers. The aim this research explore cases fraud that emergent from academic gray literature searches identify ways strengthen future capabilities counter illicit activities in globalized environment. Each case considered terms perpetrator motivations (differentiated economic, cultural, behaviorally orientated drivers), mode operation (simple organized), guardians involved/absent, business chain level vulnerabilities highlight. study finds particularly fraud. Supply need recognize vulnerability implement effective controls reduce likelihood occurrence. However, some study, themselves were complicit behavior, further increasing consumer vulnerability. Future needs consider how additional can be implemented, without friction will impact trade supply, ensure purchasing what they believe paying for.